QUININE SULFATE

RECENT MAJOR CHANGES Contraindications, Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency ( 4 ) Removed 6/2019 Warnings and Precautions, Hemolytic Anemia ( 5.3 ) 6/2019

1 INDICATIONS AND USAGE Quinine sulfate capsules are an antimalarial drug indicated only for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. Quinine sulfate has been shown to be effective in geographical regions where resistance to chloroquine has been documented [ see Clinical Studies ( 14 ) ]. Limitations of Use: Quinine sulfate capsules are not approved for: Treatment of severe or complicated P. falciparum malaria. Prevention of malaria. Treatment or prevention of nocturnal leg cramps [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.1 ) ]. Quinine sulfate capsules are a antimalarial indicated for treatment of uncomplicated Plasmodium falciparum malaria. ( 1 ) Limitations of Use: Quinine sulfate capsules are not approved for: Treatment of severe or complicated P. falciparum malaria. Prevention of malaria. Treatment or prevention of nocturnal leg cramps

2 DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION Adults (≥ 16 years of age): 648 mg (two capsules) every 8 hours for 7 days. ( 2.1 ) Patients with Severe Chronic Renal Impairment: One loading dose of 648 mg (two capsules) followed 12 hours later by 324 mg (one capsule) every 12 hours for 7 days. ( 2.2 ) 2.1 Treatment of Uncomplicated P. falciparum Malaria For treatment of uncomplicated P. falciparum malaria in adults: Orally, 648 mg (two capsules) every 8 hours for 7 days [ see Clinical Studies ( 14 ) ]. Quinine sulfate capsules should be taken with food to minimize gastric upset [ see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ]. 2.2 Renal Impairment In patients with acute uncomplicated malaria and severe chronic renal impairment, the following dosage regimen is recommended: one loading dose of 648 mg quinine sulfate capsules, followed 12 hours later by maintenance doses of 324 mg every 12 hours. The effects of mild and moderate renal impairment on the safety and pharmacokinetics of quinine sulfate are not known [ see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.6 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ]. 2.3 Hepatic Impairment Adjustment of the recommended dose is not required in mild (Child-Pugh A) or moderate (Child-Pugh B) hepatic impairment, but patients should be monitored closely for adverse effects of quinine. Quinine should not be administered in patients with severe (Child-Pugh C) hepatic impairment [ see Use in Specific Populations ( 8.7 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ].

3 DOSAGE FORMS AND STRENGTHS 324 mg size "0" capsules with clear transparent cap and clear transparent body imprinted with "LU" on cap and "Y51" on body in black ink, containing white to off white powder ( 3 ). 324 mg size "0" capsules with clear transparent cap and clear transparent body imprinted with "LU" on cap and "Y51" on body in black ink, containing white to off white powder.

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS Quinine sulfate is contraindicated in patients with the following: Prolongation of QT interval ( 4 ) Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency ( 4 ) Myasthenia gravis ( 4 ) Known hypersensitivity to quinine, mefloquine, or quinidine ( 4 ) Optic neuritis ( 4 ) Quinine sulfate is contraindicated in patients with the following: • Prolonged QT interval. One case of a fatal ventricular arrhythmia was reported in an elderly patient with a prolonged QT interval at baseline, who received quinine sulfate intravenously for P. falciparum malaria [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ( 5.3 )]. • Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. • Hemolysis can occur in patients with G6PD deficiency receiving quinine. • Known hypersensitivity reactions to quinine. • These include, but are not limited to, the following [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ( 5.6 )] : • Thrombocytopenia • Idiopathic thrombocytopenia purpura (ITP) and Thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) • Hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS) • Blackwater fever (acute intravascular hemolysis, hemoglobinuria, and hemoglobinemia) • Known hypersensitivity to mefloquine or quinidine: cross-sensitivity to quinine has been documented [see WARNINGS AND PRECAUTIONS ( 5.6 )]. • Myasthenia gravis. Quinine has neuromuscular blocking activity, and may exacerbate muscle weakness. • Optic neuritis. Quinine may exacerbate active optic neuritis [see ADVERSE REACTIONS ( 6 )] .

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS Most common adverse reactions are a cluster of symptoms called "cinchonism", which occurs to some degree in almost all patients taking quinine: headache, vasodilation and sweating, nausea, tinnitus, hearing impairment, vertigo or dizziness, blurred vision, disturbance in color perception, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, deafness, blindness, and disturbances in cardiac rhythm or conduction ( 6.1 ). To report SUSPECTED ADVERSE REACTIONS, contact Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. at 1-800-399-2561 or www.lupinpharmaceuticals.com. or FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088 or www.fda.gov/medwatch. 6.1 Overall Quinine can adversely affect almost every body system. The most common adverse events associated with quinine use are a cluster of symptoms called "cinchonism", which occurs to some degree in almost all patients taking quinine. Symptoms of mild cinchonism include headache, vasodilation and sweating, nausea, tinnitus, hearing impairment, vertigo or dizziness, blurred vision, and disturbance in color perception. More severe symptoms of cinchonism are vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, deafness, blindness, and disturbances in cardiac rhythm or conduction. Most symptoms of cinchonism are reversible and resolve with discontinuation of quinine. The following ADVERSE REACTIONS have been reported with quinine sulfate. Because these reactions have been reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. General Fever, chills, sweating, flushing, asthenia, lupus-like syndrome, and hypersensitivity reactions. Hematologic Agranulocytosis, hypoprothrombinemia, thrombocytopenia, disseminated intravascular coagulation, hemolytic anemia; hemolytic uremic syndrome, thrombotic thrombocytopenic purpura, idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura, petechiae, ecchymosis, hemorrhage, coagulopathy, blackwater fever, leukopenia, neutropenia, pancytopenia, aplastic anemia, and lupus anticoagulant. Neuropsychiatric Headache, diplopia, confusion, altered mental status, seizures, coma, disorientation, tremors, restlessness, ataxia, acute dystonic reaction, aphasia, and suicide. Dermatologic Cutaneous rashes, including urticarial, papular, or scarlatinal rashes, pruritus, bullous dermatitis, exfoliative dermatitis, erythema multiforme, Stevens-Johnson syndrome, toxic epidermal necrolysis, fixed drug eruption, photosensitivity reactions, allergic contact dermatitis, acral necrosis, and cutaneous vasculitis. Respiratory Asthma, dyspnea, pulmonary edema. Cardiovascular Chest pain, vasodilatation, hypotension, postural hypotension, tachycardia, bradycardia, palpitations, syncope, atrioventricular block, atrial fibrillation, irregular rhythm, unifocal premature ventricular contractions, nodal escape beats, U waves, QT prolongation, ventricular fibrillation, ventricular tachycardia, torsades de pointes, and cardiac arrest. Gastrointestinal Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, gastric irritation, and esophagitis. Hepatobiliary Granulomatous hepatitis, hepatitis, jaundice, and abnormal liver function tests. Metabolic Hypoglycemia and anorexia. Musculoskeletal Myalgias and muscle weakness. Renal Hemoglobinuria, renal failure, renal impairment, and acute interstitial nephritis. Special Senses Visual disturbances, including blurred vision with scotomata, sudden loss of vision, photophobia, diplopia, night blindness, diminished visual fields, fixed pupillary dilatation, disturbed color vision, optic neuritis, blindness, vertigo, tinnitus, hearing impairment, and deafness.

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS Table 1 below presents clinically significant drug interactions with quinine sulfate capsules. Table 1: Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with Quinine Sulfate Capsules Drug(s) Clinical Impact Recommendation Effects of Drugs and Other Substances on Quinine Pharmacokinetics Antacids Antacids containing aluminum and/or magnesium may delay or decrease absorption of quinine. Concomitant administration of these antacids with quinine sulfate capsules should be avoided. Antiepileptics (AEDs) (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin) Carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin are CYP3A4 inducers and may decrease quinine plasma concentrations if used concurrently with quinine sulfate capsules. If concomitant administration with carbamazepine or phenobarbital cannot be avoided, frequent monitoring of anticonvulsant drug concentrations is recommended. Additionally, patients should be monitored closely for adverse reactions associated with these anticonvulsants. Histamine H2-receptor blockers [cimetidine, ranitidine (nonspecific CYP450 inhibitors)] When quinine is to be given concomitantly with a histamine H 2 -receptor blocker, the use of ranitidine is preferred over cimetidine. Although cimetidine and ranitidine may be used concomitantly with quinine sulfate capsules [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Patients should be monitored closely for adverse events associated with quinine Ketoconazole (CYP3A4 inhibitor) No change in the quinine sulfate capsules dosage regimen is necessary with concomitant ketoconazole [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Patients should be monitored closely for adverse reactions associated with quinine. Macrolide antibiotics (erythromycin, troleandomycin) (CYP3A4 inhibitors) Increased quinine plasma levels have been observed when used concomitantly [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Concomitant administration of macrolide antibiotics such as erythromycin or troleandomycin with quinine sulfate capsules should be avoided [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.4 )] . Rifampin (CYP3A4 inducer) Decreased quinine plasma levels have been observed when used concomitantly [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Concomitant administration of rifampin with quinine sulfate capsules should be avoided [see Warnings and Precautions ( 5.5 )] . Ritonavir Increased quinine plasma levels have been observed when used concomitantly [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Concomitant administration of ritonavir with quinine sulfate capsules should be avoided. Tetracycline Tetracycline may be concomitantly administered with quinine sulfate capsules [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Patients should be monitored closely for adverse reactions associated with quinine sulfate. Theophylline or aminophylline No change in the quinine sulfate capsules dosage regimen is necessary with concomitant theophylline or aminophylline [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . Patients should be monitored closely for adverse reactions associated with quinine. Urinary alkalizers (acetazolamide, sodium bicarbonate) Urinary alkalinizing agents may increase plasma quinine concentrations. Use caution if using concomitantly. Effects of Quinine on the Pharmacokinetics of Other Drugs Anticonvulsants (carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin) Carbamazepine, phenobarbital, and phenytoin are CYP3A4 inducers and may decrease quinine plasma concentrations if used concurrently with quinine sulfate capsules [see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 )] . If concomitant administration with carbamazepine or phenobarbital cannot be avoided, frequent monitoring of anticonvulsant drug concentrations is recommended. Patients should be monitored closely for adverse reactions associated with these anticonvulsants. Astemizole (CYP3A4 substrate) Elevated plasma astemizole concentrations were reported in a subject who experienced torsades de pointes after receiving three doses of quinine sulfate for nocturnal leg cramps concomitantly with chronic ast …

8 USE IN SPECIFIC POPULATIONS Renal Impairment: Reduce dose and dosing frequency for patients with severe chronic renal impairment. (2.2 , 8.6 , 12.3) Hepatic Impairment: Closely monitor for adverse reactions. Quinine should not be administered in patients with severe (Child-Pugh C) hepatic impairment. (2.3 , 8.7 , 12.3) 8.1 Pregnancy Risk Summary Prolonged experience with quinine in pregnant women over several decades, based on published prospective and retrospective observational studies, surveys, safety and efficacy studies, review articles, case reports and case series have not identified a drug associated risk of major birth defects, miscarriage or adverse maternal or fetal outcomes (see Data) . In animal reproduction studies, administration of quinine by multiple routes of administration to pregnant rabbits, dogs, guinea pigs, rats, and monkeys during the period of organogenesis at doses of 0.25 to 2 times the maximum recommended human dose (MRHD) based on body surface area (BSA), produced embryo-fetal toxicity including malformations. Offspring of pregnant rats administered oral quinine sulfate during mating, gestation, and lactation at a dose approximately equivalent to 0.1 times the MRHD based on BSA comparison experienced impaired growth and delayed physical development (see Data) . The estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage for the indicated population are unknown. All pregnancies have a background risk of birth defect, loss, or other adverse outcomes. In the U.S. general population, the estimated background risk of major birth defects and miscarriage in clinically recognized pregnancies is 2% to 4% and 15% to 20%, respectively. Clinical Considerations Disease-associated maternal and/or embryo/fetal risk Malaria during and after pregnancy increases the risk for adverse pregnancy and neonatal outcomes, including maternal anemia, severe malaria, spontaneous abortion, stillbirths, preterm delivery, low birth weight, intrauterine growth retardation, congenital malaria, and maternal and neonatal mortality. Maternal adverse reactions An increased incidence of hypoglycemia, due to increased pancreatic secretion of insulin, has been reported with quinine use, in pregnant women, especially during the third trimester 1 . Monitor glucose levels in pregnant woman taking quinine. Tinnitus, vomiting, dizziness, and nausea are commonly reported adverse reactions in pregnant women taking quinine. Pregnant women are also at risk for a rare triad of complications: massive hemolysis, hemoglobinemia, and hemoglobinuria 2 . Labor or delivery In doses several times higher than those used to treat malaria, quinine may cause uterine contractions; however, there is no evidence that quinine causes uterine contractions at the doses recommended for the treatment of malaria. Data Human Data Quinine crosses the placenta with measurable blood concentrations in the fetus. In 8 women who delivered live infants 1 to 6 days after starting quinine therapy, umbilical cord plasma quinine concentrations were between 1.0 mg/L and 4.6 mg/L (mean 2.4 mg/L) and the mean (±SD) ratio of cord plasma to maternal plasma quinine concentrations was 0.32 ± 0.14. Quinine levels in the fetus may not be therapeutic. Adverse outcomes have been identified in the post-marketing experience with quinine during pregnancy. Because these outcomes are reported from varied data sources and have inconsistent findings and/or important methodological limitations, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure. In studies in which more than 893 pregnant women were treated with quinine for malaria in the first trimester, no quinine-associated increases in the incidence of congenital anomalies were observed compared with other antimalarial drugs 3 . A retrospective study of women with P. falciparum malaria who were treated with oral quinine sulfate 10 mg/kg 3 times daily for 7 days at any tim …

12.1 Mechanism of Action Quinine is an antimalarial agent [ see Microbiology ( 12.4 ) ].

11 DESCRIPTION Quinine sulfate, USP is a cinchona alkaloid chemically described as bis[( R )-(6-methoxyquinolin-4-yl)-[2 S ,4 S ,5 R )-5-ethenyl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-2-yl]methanol] sulfate. The structural formula of quinine sulfate, USP is: C 40 H 50 N 4 O 8 S•2H 2 O M.W. 783.0 Quinine sulfate, USP occurs as a white or almost white, crystalline powder that darkens on exposure to light. It is odorless and has a persistent very bitter taste. It is slightly soluble in water, sparingly soluble in boiling water and in alcohol, and practically insoluble in ether. Quinine Sulfate Capsules USP are supplied for oral administration as capsules containing 324 mg of the active ingredient quinine sulfate, USP equivalent to 269 mg free base. Inactive ingredients: colloidal silicon dioxide, gelatin, iron oxide black, magnesium stearate, pregelatinized corn starch, propylene glycol, shellac, sodium lauryl sulfate, and titanium dioxide. The imprinting ink may contain potassium hydroxide. FDA approved dissolution test specifications differ from USP. quinine sulfate structural formula

10 OVERDOSAGE Quinine overdose can be associated with serious complications, including visual impairment, hypoglycemia, cardiac arrhythmias, and death. Visual impairment can range from blurred vision and defective color perception, to visual field constriction and permanent blindness. Cinchonism occurs in virtually all patients with quinine overdose. Symptoms range from headache, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain, diarrhea, tinnitus, vertigo, hearing impairment, sweating, flushing, and blurred vision, to deafness, blindness, serious cardiac arrhythmias, hypotension, and circulatory collapse. Central nervous system toxicity (drowsiness, disturbances of consciousness, ataxia, convulsions, respiratory depression, and coma) has also been reported with quinine overdose, as well as pulmonary edema and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Most toxic reactions are dose-related; however, some reactions may be idiosyncratic because of the variable sensitivity of patients to the toxic effects of quinine. A lethal dose of quinine has not been clearly defined, but fatalities have been reported after the ingestion of 2 to 8 grams in adults. Quinine, like quinidine, has Class I antiarrhythmic properties. The cardiotoxicity of quinine is due to its negative inotropic action, and to its effect on cardiac conduction, resulting in decreased rates of depolarization and conduction, and increased action potential and effective refractory period. ECG changes observed with quinine overdose include sinus tachycardia, PR prolongation, T wave inversion, bundle branch block, an increased QT interval, and a widening of the QRS complex. Quinine’s alpha-blocking properties may result in hypotension and further exacerbate myocardial depression by decreasing coronary perfusion. Quinine overdose has been also associated with hypotension, cardiogenic shock, and circulatory collapse, ventricular arrhythmias, including ventricular tachycardia, ventricular fibrillation, idioventricular rhythm, and torsades de pointes, as well as bradycardia, and atrioventricular block [ see Warnings and Precautions ( 5 ) and Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ]. Quinine is rapidly absorbed, and attempts to remove residual quinine sulfate from the stomach by gastric lavage may not be effective. Multiple-dose activated charcoal has been shown to decrease plasma quinine concentrations [ see Clinical Pharmacology ( 12.3 ) ]. Forced acid diuresis, hemodialysis, charcoal column hemoperfusion, and plasma exchange were not found to be effective in significantly increasing quinine elimination in a series of 16 patients.

16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING How Supplied Quinine Sulfate Capsules USP, 324 mg are clear transparent size ‘0’ hard gelatin capsules filled with white to off-white powder and imprinting ‘AMNEAL’ on the cap and ‘811’ on the body. They are available as follows: Bottles of 30: NDC 65162-811-03 Bottles of 90: NDC 65162-811-09 Bottles of 500: NDC 65162-811-50 Storage Store at 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F); excursions permitted between 15° to 30°C (59° to 86°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature]. Dispense in a tight container as defined in the USP.